Reported Speech
Reported Speech (mowa zależna) służy do przekazywania tego, co powiedziała inna osoba, bez cytowania jej dokładnych słów. Jest to bardzo ważne zagadnienie na poziomie B1 Intermediate, ponieważ pozwala relacjonować rozmowy, wiadomości, instrukcje oraz wydarzenia z przeszłości.
Dzięki Reported Speech możesz: przekazywać informacje od innych osób, opowiadać o rozmowach, relacjonować wydarzenia, streszczać wypowiedzi, tworzyć bardziej zaawansowane wypowiedzi po angielsku.
Budowa – Mowa zależna | Zdania oznajmujące
Direct Speech
Osoba + powiedziała: „…”
Reported Speech
Osoba + said (that) + zdanie
Schemat
said (that) + zdanie
Przykłady
She said that she was happy.
Marcus said that he worked in finance.
Anna said that she had passed the exam.
They said that they were leaving.
Zmiana czasów (Backshift)
Jeżeli czasownik wprowadzający jest w czasie przeszłym (said, told), często cofamy czas gramatyczny o jeden stopień.
Present Simple → Past Simple
- „I work here.”
↓ - He said that he worked there.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
- „I am studying.”
↓ - She said that she was studying.
Past Simple → Past Perfect
- „I visited Paris.”
↓ - Tom said that he had visited Paris.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
- „I have finished.”
↓ - Anna said that she had finished.
Will → Would
- „I will help you.”
↓ - He said that he would help me.
Charakterystyczne słowa i wyrażenia
tell → powiedzieć komuś
explain → wyjaśnić
mention → wspomnieć
admit → przyznać
promise → obiecać
suggest → zasugerować
claim → twierdzić
announce → ogłosić
report → poinformować
Say czy Tell?
Say Tell
say + coś tell + osoba + coś
She said that she was tired. She told me that she was tired.
Tom said he was busy. Tom told us that he was busy.
Anna said she liked the film. Anna told her friend that she liked the film.
Zmiana określeń czasu
W mowie zależnej często zmieniamy określenia czasu.
tomorrow → the next da
yesterday → the day before
now → then
this week → that week
last week → the week before
next month → the following month
here → there
Reported Questions
Pytania typu Yes / No
Direct Speech
- „Do you like coffee?”
Reported Speech
- She asked if I liked coffee.
- She asked whether I liked coffee.
Noah asked whether we were coming.
They asked if I needed help.
Pytania szczegółowe
Direct Speech
- „Where do you live?”
Reported Speech
- She asked where I lived.
Jenna asked when we were leaving.
They asked why I was late.
Reported Commands i Requests
Polecenia
Direct Speech
- „Sit down.”
Reported Speech
- He told me to sit down.
Amy told me to be careful.
They told him not to worry.
